NSEC : Next-Secure record (RFC 4034)
Part of DNSSEC—used to prove a name does not exist. Uses the same format as the (obsolete) NXT record.

DS : Delegation signer (RFC 4034)
The record used to identify the DNSSEC signing key of a delegated zone

A : address record (RFC 1035)
Returns a 32-bit IPv4 address, most commonly used to map hostnames to an IP address of the host, but also used for DNSBLs, storing subnet masks in RFC 1101, etc.

DNAME : delegation name (RFC 2672)
DNAME will delegate an entire portion of the DNS tree under a new name. In contrast, the CNAME record creates an alias of a single name. Like the CNAME record, the DNS lookup will continue by retrying the lookup with the new name.

NSEC3PARAM : NSEC3 parameters (RFC 5155)
Parameter record for use with NSEC3

* : All cached records (RFC 1035)
Returns all records of all types known to the name server. If the name server does not have any information on the name, the request will be forwarded on. The records returned may not be complete. For example, if there is both an A and an MX for a name, but the name server has only the A record cached, only the A record will be returned.

RRSIG : DNSSEC signature (RFC 4034)
Signature for a DNSSEC-secured record set. Uses the same format as the SIG record.

KEY : Key record (RFC 4034)
Used only for TKEY (RFC 2930). Before RFC 3755 was published, this was also used for DNSSEC, but DNSSEC now uses DNSKEY.

SPF : SPF record (RFC 4408)
Specified as part of the SPF protocol, as an alternative to storing SPF data in TXT records. Uses the same format as the TXT record.

SRV : Service locator (RFC 2782)
Generalized service location record, used for newer protocols instead of creating protocol-specific records such as MX.

OPT : Option (RFC 2671)
This is a 'pseudo DNS record type' needed to support EDNS

AFSDB : AFS database record (RFC 1183)
Location of database servers of an AFS cell. This record is commonly used by AFS clients to contact AFS cells outside their local domain. A subtype of this record is used by the obsolete DCE/DFS file system.

SIG : Signature (RFC 2535)
Signature record used in SIG(0) (RFC 2931). Until RFC 3755 was published, the SIG record was part of DNSSEC; now RRSIG is used for that.

DLV : DNSSEC Lookaside Validation record (RFC 4431)
For publishing DNSSEC trust anchors outside of the DNS delegation chain. Uses the same format as the DS record. RFC 5074 describes a way of using these records.

CERT : Certificate record (RFC 4398)
Stores PKIX, SPKI, PGP, etc.

TXT : Text record (RFC 1035)
Originally for arbitrary human-readable text in a DNS record. Since the early 1990s, however, this record more often carries machine-readable data, such as specified by RFC 1464, opportunistic encryption, Sender Policy Framework, DomainKeys, DNS-SD, etc.

TKEY : Transaction Key (RFC 2930)
One way of providing a key to be used with TSIG

DHCID : DHCP identifier (RFC 4701)
Used in conjunction with the FQDN option to DHCP